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La historia de Santa Marta y su territorio de influencia empieza antes del Descubrimiento, la Conquista y la Colonización española, con la presencia de varios pueblos indígenas, siendo los taironas el de mayor desarrollo cultural.Muchos de los temas históricos o económicos de esta provincia carecen de profundización, por lo que esta obra abarca un intervalo de tiempo más amplio tocando los aspectos históricos más relevantes.
En la segunda mitad del siglo XX se configuraron las economías que, aun con cambios, distinguen actualmente a la región del Caribe y Centroamérica. La agricultura de exportación, que había sido predominante en esos territorios, entró definitivamente en crisis durante la recesión de 1930, y tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial se iniciaron procesos de industrialización con resultado desigual, que coincidieron, además, con acontecimientos político-sociales de envergadura (independencias o revisión del estatus político de las Antillas británicas o francesas, revoluciones cubana y nicaragüense, movimientos contra la discriminación racial). Al final de la centuria, el irregular crecimien...
Cuéntame la historia fiscal y te contaré la historia del Estado. En este volumen de investigación cuantitativa y minuciosamente argumentada -historia económica en su máxima expresión-, los autores nos brindan una "historia total" del Estado nacional en Colombia y de sus nueve entidades federativas durante el periodo liberal federal entre 1880 y 1886. Eric van Young, University of California, San Diego Es un libro muy importante porque nunca se habían hecho trabajos detallados acerca de las finanzas públicas de los estados federales y, sobre todo, de los impuestos anuales por categoría de impuesto de cada estado. Me sorprende la variedad de impuestos y las diferencias en el uso de tr...
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Your timely source for more cost-effective and less disruptive solutions to your underground infrastructure needs. The North American Tunneling Conference is the premier biennial tunneling event for North America, bringing together the brightest, most resourceful, and innovative minds in the tunneling industry. It underscores the important role that the industry plays in the development of underground spaces, transportation and conveyance systems, and other forms of sustainable underground infrastructure. With every conference, the number of attendees and breadth of topics grow. The authors—experts and leaders in the industry—share the latest case histories, expertise, lessons learned, and real-world applications from around the globe. Crafted from a collection of 126 papers presented at the conference, this book takes you deep inside the projects. It includes challenging design issues, fresh approaches on performance, future projects, and industry trends as well as ground movement and support, structure analysis, risk and cost management, rock tunnels, caverns and shafts, TBM technology, and water and wastewater conveyance.
Every two years, industry leaders and practitioners from around the world gather at the Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference (RETC), the authoritative program for the tunneling profession, to learn about the most recent advances and breakthroughs in this unique field. The information presented helps professionals keep pace with the ever-changing and growing tunneling industry. This book includes the full text of 106 papers presented at the 2021 conference. Though the tunneling industry continues to develop both technically and contractually, one notable adaptation of the last two years has been the onset and management of COVID-19. The hallmarks of tunneling professionals include adapta...
This book honors the career of Professor Elizabeth Gierlowski-Kordesch who was a pioneer and leader in the field of limnogeology since the 1980s. Her work was instrumental in guiding students and professionals in the field until her untimely death in 2016. This collection of chapters was written by her colleagues and students and recognize the important role that Professor Gierlowski-Kordesch had in advancing the field of limnogeology. The chapters show the breadth of her reach as these have been contributed from virtually every continent. This book will be a primary reference for scientists, professionals and graduate students who are interested in the latest advances in limnogeologic processes and basin descriptions in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and China. *Free supplementary material available online for chapters 3,11,12 and 13. Access by searching for the book on link.springer.com
Low- or no-flow electron emitters are required for low-power electric thrusters, spacecraft plasma contactors, and electrodynamic tether systems to reduce or eliminate the need for propellant/expellant. Expellant-less neutralizers can improve the viability of very low-power colloid thrusters, field emission electric propulsion devices, ion engines, Hall thrusters, and gridded vacuum arc thrusters. The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) is evaluating ferroelectric emission (FEE) cathodes as zero expellant flow rate cathode sources for the applications listed above. At GRC, low voltage (100s to approx. 1500 V) operation of FEE cathodes is examined. Initial experiments, with unipolar, bipolar, an...