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Parasitism: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly
Parasitism is a tight association between species in which one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside the host, causing it harm, and is structurally adapted to this way of life. Until the twenty-first century, parasitism was studied by parasitologists, rather than ecologists or evolutionary biologists. Today, parasitism is a major element of evolutionary ecology, as nearly all free-living animals are hosts to at least one parasite species. Since it is in the parasite's evolutionary interest for its host to flourish, long-term coevolution can lead to a stable relationship bordering on mutualism. According to Lynn Margulis, when resources are scarce, natural selection, moves relationships from parasitism to mutualism, as it was brilliantly illustrated in Margulis' endosymbiosis theory, where eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from formerly free-living prokaryotes. Boundary between mutualism, symbiosis, and pathological parasitism is a thin red line that frequently overlapping without a theory enough clear to explain this thigh relationship between the parasite and its host.
Gut microbiota: Allied with livestock nutrition, health, and welfare
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Recent Advances and Perspectives on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Small Ruminants
Ruminants are hoofed mammals with a unique digestive system that allows them to better create energy from fibrous plant material than other herbivores. Small ruminants (such as sheep and goats) play an important role in global food security and nutrition, as well as in the livelihoods of farmers and others along the food chain. Due to the unique digestive systems of ruminants, many major studies have focused on the effects of high-concentrate diets on rumen fermentation, ruminal acidosis, and their microbial properties and functions. Therefore, paying attention to the intestinal health of small ruminants during the rapid fattening stage has important implications for their health and product...
Microbiome-Host Interactions
Microbiota are a promising and fascinating subject in biology because they integrate the microbial communities in humans, animals, plants, and the environment. In humans, microbiota are associated with the gut, skin, and genital, oral, and respiratory organs. The plant microbial community is referred to as "holobiont," and it is influential in the maintenance and health of plants, which themselves play a role in animal health and the environment. The contents of Microbiome-Host Interactions cover all areas as well as new research trends in the fields of plant, animal, human, and environmental microbiome interactions. The book covers microbiota in polar soil environments, in health and diseas...
