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Science
The concept is fundamental in statistics and tailors to the emergence of collective behaviours. Communication then asks for uncertainty considerations - noise, indeterminacy or approximation - and its wider impact on the couple perception-action. Clustering being all about uncertainty handling, data set representation appears not to be the only solution: Introducing hierarchies with adapted metrics, a priori pre-improving the data resolution are other methods in need of evaluation. The technology together with increasing semantics enables to involve synthetic data as simulation results for the multiplication of sources. Part B plays with another couple important for complex systems: state vs. transition. State-first descriptions would characterize physics, while transition-first would fit biology. That could stem from life producing dynamical systems in essence.
Veterinary Oncology
This highly readable textbook provides a comprehensive but concise overview of the principles of oncogenesis in veterinary medicine, discussing selected tumors in domestic animals in detail, and addressing cancer diagnostics and therapy. All chapters are illustrated with histological and radiological images to enhance readers’ understanding. Accordingly, the book is a must-have reference guide for all graduate and advanced undergraduate students in Veterinary Medicine with a special interest in oncology.
Evolutionary Biology of Tumor Initiation and Progression
Cancer is characterized by heterogeneous cells with capacity for self renewal, and selective pressures in the microenvironment which constantly change the cell population. This "descent with modification" is consistent with Darwin's definition of evolution, and accordingly, cancer progression can be captured from an evolutionary angle. However, there is also a clear difference between cancer progression and biological evolution. First, contrary to the evolution of complex organisms, cancer originates from cells of multicellular organisms that escape their constraints and behave like unicellular organisms. Therefore, from the beginning, cancer cells have complex genomes that contain abundant genetic materials which they can use to change their phenotype by dynamic rearrangements and modifications. Secondly, epigenetic effects promote cancer evolution in contrast to the evolution of life. Some tumors develop with minimal genetic alterations, and cell plasticity contributes to both initiation and progression in various tumors. However, an evolutionary theory that encompasses these characteristics of cancer remains to be developed.
