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Imunitas seringkali dikaitkan dengan kemampuan tubuh seseorang dalam merespon adanya serangan dari luar tubuh, baik itu patogen maupun senyawa-senyawa asing lainnya (antigen) yang menimbulkan respon dalam tubuh. Ada banyak sekali sistem imun yang kompleks dan banyak berkontribusi untuk menciptakan kekebalan tubuh agar mampu melawan serangan sehingga tubuh bisa terhindar dari berbagai penyakit. Tentunya, setiap serangan akan melibatkan sistem imunitas yang berbeda-beda, sel dan molekul yang bertugas dalam memberikan sinyal perlawanan juga unik dan menarik. Dalam buku ini banyak dibahas mengenai konsep dasar imunologi, imunitas adaptif dan innate. Ke -13 BAB disusun secara komprehensif dengan bahasa yang mudah dipahami. Selain itu dalam pembahasannya, perlu juga pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai cara kerja sel B dan sel T dari mulai proses pengenalan, pematangan, hingga penyakit-penyakit yang mungkin terjadi apabila sel-sel atau molekul mengalami malfungsi sehingga menimbulkan penyakit salah satunya penyakit hipersensitif dan autoimun.
Betaine is widely distributed in plants and animals and has a role as an osmolyte and as a cofactor in methylation in liver metabolism. It has been shown to protect internal organs, improve vascular risk factors and enhance performance. The growing body of evidence shows that betaine is an important nutrient for the prevention of chronic disease. This volume surveys the current state of play in these and other areas of interest, including its role in one-carbon metabolism, tissue biochemistry and interactions with folate and other biomolecules. The analysis of betaines using different techniques is covered, as is the function and effects in the body. Written by an expert international team, this book provides a fascinating insight for those with an interest in the effects of betaine on health and the diet. It appeals across disciplines but specifically to nutritional and food scientists, health professionals and researchers.
Fish culture in hatcheries and other aquacultural facilities is becoming much more intensive all over the world. The success of all kinds of fish rearing depends on the quality of management and this depends, in turn, on understanding the biology of fishes and the aquatic environment in which they live. This book directly addresses the relationship between the aquatic environment and the fishes. An understanding of this by the reader will result in a reduction of disease outbreaks through improved management.
Microbubbles and nanobubbles have several characteristics that are comparable with millimeter- and centimeter-sized bubbles. These characteristics are their small size, which results in large surface area and high bioactivity, low rising velocity, decreased friction drag, high internal pressure, large gas dissolution capacity, negatively charged surface, and ability to be crushed and form free radicals. Microbubbles and nanobubbles have found applications in a variety of fields such as engineering, agriculture, environment, food, and medicine. Microbubbles have been successfully used in aquacultures of oysters in Hiroshima, scallops in Hokkaido, and pearls in Mie Prefecture, Japan. This field has shown a strong potential for growth. This book comprehensively discusses microbubbles and nanobubbles and their application in aquaculture, environment, engineering, medicine, stock raising, agriculture, and marine industry. It presents their potential as a new technology that can be utilized globally.
The efficient and profitable production of fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic organisms in aquaculture depends on a suitable environment in which they can reproduce and grow. Because those organisms live in water, the major environ mental concern within the culture system is water quality. Water supplies for aquaculture systems may naturally be oflow quality or polluted by human activity, but in most instances, the primary reason for water quality impairment is the culture activity itself. Manures, fertilizers, and feeds applied to ponds to enhance production only can be partially converted to animal biomass. Thus, at moderate and high production levels, the inputs of nutrients and organic...
A translated, thoroughly revised, and updated edition of the German work. Part I presents the geographic distribution of seaweeds and seagrasses around the world, environmental factors, floral history, and relevant paleoceanographic considerations, covered geographically. Part II covers seaweed ecophysiology, including the relationships of light, temperature, salinity, and other abiotic factors on seaweed distribution, as well as biotic factors such as competition, herbivory, predation, and parasitism, in order to elucidate the ecophysiologic bases for the distribution patterns examined in Part I.