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This book provides a comprehensive overview of nucleophilic aromatic substitutions, focusing on the mechanistic and synthetic features that govern these reactions. The first chapter presents a detailed mechanistic analysis of the factors determining the feasibility of SNAr substitutions, providing decisive information to predict regioselectivity of many reactions and to define the conditions for concerted SNAr processes. Reflecting the key role played by these species as intermediates in most SNAr reactions, chapter 2 then discusses the chemistry of anionic sigma-complexes. Chapter 3 describes the concept of superelectrophilicity in SNAr substitutions, as it has recently emerged from the rea...
This three-volume set represents the first comprehensive coverage of the rapidly expanding field of Lewis base catalysis that has attracted enormous attention in recent years. Lewis base catalysis is a conceptually novel paradigm that encompasses an extremely wide variety of preparatively useful transformations and is particularly effective for enantioselectively constructing new stereogenic centers. As electron-pair donors, Lewis bases can influence the rate and stereochemical course of myriad synthetic organic reactions. The book presents the conceptual/mechanistic principles that underlie Lewis base catalysis, and then builds upon that foundation with a thorough presentation of many different reaction types. And last but not least, the editors, Prof. Edwin Vedejs and Prof. Scott E. Denmark, are without doubt the leaders in this emerging field and have compiled high quality contributions from an impressive collection of international experts.
Blockchain technology has garnered much attention in recent years from both academic and business spheres. At its core, this technology enables the implementation of smart contracts, automated software applications that execute agreements on a secure and distributed blockchain ledger. This ledger, known for its transparency, facilitates trustless transactions, eliminating the need for centralized authority. Smart contracts, stored on the blockchain, automate processes such as goods sales, contract execution, and currency exchange, making them accessible to all users. Blockchain Applications for Smart Contract Technologies aims to present an exhaustive compilation of academic and industrial e...
This book constitutes the proceedings of the international workshops co-located with the 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR 2021, held in Lausanne, Switzerland, in September 2021.The total of 59 full and 12 short papers presented in this book were carefully selected from 96 contributions and divided into two volumes. Part I contains 29 full and 4 short papers that stem from the following meetings: ICDAR 2021 Workshop on Graphics Recognition (GREC); ICDAR 2021 Workshop on Camera-Based Document Analysis and Recognition (CBDAR); ICDAR 2021 Workshop on Arabic and Derived Script Analysis and Recognition (ASAR 2021); ICDAR 2021 Workshop on Computational Document Forensics (IWCDF). The main topics of the contributions are document processing; physical and logical layout analysis; text and symbol recognition; handwriting recognition; signature verification and document forensics, and others. “Accurate Graphic Symbol Detection in Ancient Document Digital Reproductions” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Combining theory, empirical data, and policy this book provides a fresh analysis of sustainable finance. It explains the sustainability challenges for corporate investment and shows how finance can steer funding to certain companies and projects without sacrificing return, speeding up the transistion to a sustainable economy.
Central Banking, Monetary Policy and Gender uniquely explores the ways in which monetary policies, changes in interest rates and unconventional monetary strategies such as quantitative easing affect women. This groundbreaking book analyses the inner organisation of central banks, considering for the first time how banking transmission mechanisms operate in relation to gender, investigating issues of power, income, wealth inequality and labour market dynamics.
Company law can and should act as a bridge (rather than a barrier) to progressive corporate climate action.
Transplant Infections is a practical, clinically focused reference covering the common and more unusual bacterial, viral, and fungal infections affecting patients who have received stem cell or solid organ transplants. It provides a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of opportunistic infections and presents strategies for infection prevention and control. Highlights of the Third Edition include a chapter on new immunosuppressive agents and expanded coverage of tropical infections and West Nile virus.