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Ontology-Based Interpretation of Natural Language
For humans, understanding a natural language sentence or discourse is so effortless that we hardly ever think about it. For machines, however, the task of interpreting natural language, especially grasping meaning beyond the literal content, has proven extremely difficult and requires a large amount of background knowledge. This book focuses on the interpretation of natural language with respect to specific domain knowledge captured in ontologies. The main contribution is an approach that puts ontologies at the center of the interpretation process. This means that ontologies not only provide a formalization of domain knowledge necessary for interpretation but also support and guide the const...
Syntax-based Statistical Machine Translation
This unique book provides a comprehensive introduction to the most popular syntax-based statistical machine translation models, filling a gap in the current literature for researchers and developers in human language technologies. While phrase-based models have previously dominated the field, syntax-based approaches have proved a popular alternative, as they elegantly solve many of the shortcomings of phrase-based models. The heart of this book is a detailed introduction to decoding for syntax-based models. The book begins with an overview of synchronous-context free grammar (SCFG) and synchronous tree-substitution grammar (STSG) along with their associated statistical models. It also descri...
Deep Learning Approaches to Text Production
Text production has many applications. It is used, for instance, to generate dialogue turns from dialogue moves, verbalise the content of knowledge bases, or generate English sentences from rich linguistic representations, such as dependency trees or abstract meaning representations. Text production is also at work in text-to-text transformations such as sentence compression, sentence fusion, paraphrasing, sentence (or text) simplification, and text summarisation. This book offers an overview of the fundamentals of neural models for text production. In particular, we elaborate on three main aspects of neural approaches to text production: how sequential decoders learn to generate adequate te...
Argumentation Mining
Argumentation mining is an application of natural language processing (NLP) that emerged a few years ago and has recently enjoyed considerable popularity, as demonstrated by a series of international workshops and by a rising number of publications at the major conferences and journals of the field. Its goals are to identify argumentation in text or dialogue; to construct representations of the constellation of claims, supporting and attacking moves (in different levels of detail); and to characterize the patterns of reasoning that appear to license the argumentation. Furthermore, recent work also addresses the difficult tasks of evaluating the persuasiveness and quality of arguments. Some o...
Explainable Natural Language Processing
This book presents a taxonomy framework and survey of methods relevant to explaining the decisions and analyzing the inner workings of Natural Language Processing (NLP) models. The book is intended to provide a snapshot of Explainable NLP, though the field continues to rapidly grow. The book is intended to be both readable by first-year M.Sc. students and interesting to an expert audience. The book opens by motivating a focus on providing a consistent taxonomy, pointing out inconsistencies and redundancies in previous taxonomies. It goes on to present (i) a taxonomy or framework for thinking about how approaches to explainable NLP relate to one another; (ii) brief surveys of each of the classes in the taxonomy, with a focus on methods that are relevant for NLP; and (iii) a discussion of the inherent limitations of some classes of methods, as well as how to best evaluate them. Finally, the book closes by providing a list of resources for further research on explainability.
Natural Language Processing and Information Systems
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, NLDB 2015, held in Passau, Germany, in June 2015. The 18 full papers, 15 short papers, 14 poster and demonstration papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 100 submissions. The papers cover the following topics: information extraction, distributional semantics, querying and question answering systems, context-aware NLP, cognitive and semantic computing, sentiment and opinion analysis, information extraction and social media, NLP and usability, text classification and extraction, and posters and demonstrations.
The Ancient World Goes Digital
The new volume of the CyberResearch series brings together thirty-three authors under the umbrella of digital methods in Archaeology, Ancient Near Eastern Studies and Biblical studies. Both a newbie and a professional reader will find here diverse research topics, accompanied by detailed presentations of digital methods: distant reading of text corpora, GIS digital imaging, and various methods of text analyses. The volume is divided into three parts under the headings of archaeology, texts and online publishing, and includes a wide range of approaches from the philosophical to the practical. This volume brings the reader up-to-date research in the field of digital Ancient Near Eastern studies, and highlights emerging methods and practices. While not a textbook per se, the book is excellent for teaching and exploring the Digital Humanities.
Natural Language Processing for Social Media, Third Edition
In recent years, online social networking has revolutionized interpersonal communication. The newer research on language analysis in social media has been increasingly focusing on the latter's impact on our daily lives, both on a personal and a professional level. Natural language processing (NLP) is one of the most promising avenues for social media data processing. It is a scientific challenge to develop powerful methods and algorithms that extract relevant information from a large volume of data coming from multiple sources and languages in various formats or in free form. This book will discuss the challenges in analyzing social media texts in contrast with traditional documents. Researc...
Natural Language Processing and Information Systems
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, held in Salford, UK, in June 2013. The 21 long papers, 15 short papers and 17 poster papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 80 submissions. The papers cover the following topics: requirements engineering, question answering systems, named entity recognition, sentiment analysis and mining, forensic computing, semantic web, and information search.
Knowledge Graphs and Language Technology
This book constitutes the combined refereed proceedings of ISWC Satellite Wor shops KEKIand NLP&DBpedia 2016 which were held in conjunction with ISWC 2016 in Kobe, Japan, inOctober 2016. The 9 papers presented were carefully selected and reviewed from 20submissions. They focus on the use of linguistic linked open data, the linguistic aspectsof DBpedia, the improvement of of DBpedia through NLP applications, on increasing theNLP applications through integrating knowledge from DPpedia.
