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In 1877, university Professor Carl von Linde obtained a patent for his refrigerator from the Imperial Patent Office - a patent for something that was not merely an invention, but the result of serious research in the basic laws of physics. Linde went on to found the Linde Company, one of the biggest German Gas and Engineering companies which became one of the models for science based industries. Today, the Linde Group, headquartered in Wiesbaden, Germany, is a global technology company dedicated to gas and engineering, material handling and refrigeration. This book examines the history of this company in the context of the history of technology in industry.
This book is one of the first to examine strategies for the representation of user interests in public transport from a variety of perspectives. The authors review approaches to integrating the passengers' views in the planning process and to protecting their interests in operations and customer care across a range of European countries. From this they draw important conclusions and highlight examples of good practice.
During recent years, the topic of participation has increasingly been gaining importance in Iran – in the scientific field, in practice and rhetoric. However, in current scientific literature – and especially in English literature – there is little knowledge on the conditions, legal background, perceptions, experiences and processes of citizens’ participation in Iran. This book aims to shed light on the paradoxical question of participation in Iran: it is old and new, dysfunctioning and functioning, disappointing and promising. This slippery status of participation convinces scholars to suggest contradictory interpretations and understandings about the existence, functionality, and potentiality of this concept. The book therefore shows the different perspectives, interpretations, historical developments and case studies of participation in Iran, thus giving the reader a kaleidoscope view on the question of participation in Iran.
Usually described as 'state' industries, European airlines have been criticized as uncompetitive, overmanned, and subsidized. But this view begs the question of why and how the state became involved in air transport, as well as the question of whether airlines could have succeeded in Europe and elsewhere without government support. The first comparative study of the complicated history of relations between the state and the air transport industry in Europe, the book travels from the earliest scheduled flights down to the era of liberalization and privatization in the 1990s. Martin Staniland concentrates on four key countries-France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom-exploring ...
This book is a compendium of pragmatism in the social sciences. While addressing several distinct spheres, it carries a common message: the future of the social sciences depends on a shared understanding of society based on the knowledge of various disciplines and transcending the currently forbidding borders between scientific knowledge and the other forms of knowledge. Looking back at the social science traditions this is nothing new. To ensure a fruitful future for the social sciences a paradigm shift is unavoidable. The consequence of the increase of knowledge in the last two centuries was the specialization of the sciences. The nineteenth century saw the separation of humanities and soc...
This is the first scholarly history of the industrial gases industry from its origins to the present.
Annual volume, this time featuring special sections on Brecht's dramatic fragments and on comedy in post-Brechtian theater, along with a variety of other contributions. Published for the International Brecht Society, the Brecht Yearbook is the central scholarly forum for discussion of Brecht's life and work and of topics of particular interest to him, especially the politics of literatureand of theater in a global context. It embraces a wide variety of perspectives and approaches and, like Brecht himself, is committed to the use value of literature, theater, and theory. Volume 44 features the first publication of Günter Kunert's translation of Edgar Lee Masters's poem "The Hill" with handwr...
A collection that “eloquently examines the numerous forms of movement from and across Central, Eastern Europe and Russia from a historical perspective” (Comparative Literature Studies). Combining methodological and theoretical approaches to migration and mobility studies with detailed analyses of historical, cultural, or social phenomena, the works collected here provide an interdisciplinary perspective on how migrations and mobility altered identities and affected images of the “other.” From walkways to railroads to airports, the history of travel provides a context for considering the people and events that have shaped Central and Eastern Europe and Russia.
The coming of the railways signalled the transformation of European society, allowing the quick and cheap mass transportation of people and goods on a previously unimaginable scale. By the early decades of the twentieth century, however, the domination of rail transport was threatened by increased motorised road transport which would quickly surpass and eclipse the trains, only itself to be challenged in the twenty-first century by a renewal of interest in railways. Yet, as the studies in this volume make clear, to view the relationship between road and rail as a simple competition between two rival forms of transportation, is a mistake. Rail transport did not vanish in the twentieth century...
A comprehensive history and examination of global infrastructures and the outsized role they play in our lives. Infrastructure is essential to defining how the public functions, yet there is little public knowledge regarding why and how it became today’s strongest global force over government and individual lives. Who should build and maintain infrastructures? How are they to be protected? And why are they all in such bad shape? In Lifelines of Our Society, Dirk van Laak offers broad audiences a history of global infrastructures—focused on Western societies, over the past two hundred years—that considers all their many paradoxes. He illustrates three aspects of infrastructure: their de...