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Breast cancer is the most common tumor in females worldwide. Cancer epigenetics and metabolic reprogramming are known cancer hallmarks. Recent advances in the field of epigenetics include histone modification, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs. In contrast to genetic modifications, epigenetics refers to a set of dynamic alterations. By controlling the on and off states of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as re-engineering the tumor microenvironment, epigenetics plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. Additionally, the complex process of metabolic reprogramming is required for both malignant transformation and tumor development, including invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, reprogrammed metabolic activities have been utilized to diagnose, monitor, and treat cancer patients. In tumor tissues, metabolic heterogeneity was found to take a role in the adaptation to the microenvironment drastic changes resulting from current therapeutic modalities.
Cancer immunotherapy is based on using the immune system components to fight tumors, without destroying normal cells. Several immunotherapeutic strategies have been investigated and proposed for the treatment of cancers, including cancer vaccines containing tumor antigens that are used to induce immune responses against tumors, monoclonal antibodies against tumor antigens, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, many clinical trials have shown that the use of these methods as monotherapy is ineffective in many cases. Many tumors can resist immunotherapy due to the absence or insufficient infiltration of tumors with CD8+ T cells and hence, are called “cold” or non-inflammatory tumors. ...
With their unprecedented success, cancer immunotherapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy (ATC), and immunomodulators are being increasingly used for various malignancies. Distinct from traditional treatments including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, immunotherapeutics attempt to create long-lasting anti-tumor effects. However, only a minority of patients experience long-term benefits to single-agent immunotherapy, and most patients do not have initial responses to the immunotherapy or develop relapse after promising initial responses. Strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance include (1) the development of biomarkers t...
Features, Transmission, Detection, and Case Studies in COVID-19 examines the effects of the virus on the body, as well as its transmission and clinical profile. This volume begins with an introduction to the virus and its pathogenesis, transmission, and avoidance, followed by sections on pulmonary and cardiovascular effects, obesity, diabetes, the liver, detection issues, and biomarkers. Vaccines and treatment are also discussed. Specific case studies covered include hypoxia, acute kidney injury, pneumonia, and neurological effects. This volume is relevant for all clinicians and scientists working to ensure the best outcomes for patients with COVID-19. - Discusses COVID-19 biology, including...
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of all cases. Over the last decade, there have been significant advances in the treatment of NSCLC, particularly with the use of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). EGFR is a key driver of NSCLC, and EGFR TKIs have shown remarkable clinical activity in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Despite these advances, however, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the optimal use of EGFR TKIs in the treatment of NSCLC. To improve patient outcomes, further research into the use of EGFR TKIs in lung cancer therapy is vital. Our goal is to provide an overview of the latest advances in the use of EGFR TKIs in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Practical and pocket sized, The Hospital for Sick Children Handbook of Pediatrics has been a trusted clinical reference for more than 50 years. The fully revised 12th Edition continues this tradition of excellence with succinct, easily accessible, and evidence-based answers for the diagnosis and management of pediatric patients. Get the reliable information you need from staff pediatricians, specialists, residents, and fellows at one of the top pediatric hospitals in the world. Provides the most up-to-date diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to pediatric clinical problems using evidence-based guidelines. Contains new chapters on mental health and technology and medical complexity. Offers q...