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Belajar merupakan suatu proses usaha sadar yang dilakukan oleh individu untuk suatu perubahan dari tidak tahu menjadi tahu, dari tidak memiliki sikap menjadi bersikap benar, dari tidak terampil menjadi terampil melakukan sesuatu. Belajar tidak hanya sekedar memetakan pengetahuan atau informasi yang disampaikan. Namun bagaimana melibatkan individu secara aktif membuat ataupun merevisi hasil belajar yang diterimanya menjadi suatu pengalamaan yang bermanfaat bagi pribadinya. Teori adalah seperangkat asas tentang kejadian-kejadian yang didalamnnya memuat ide, konsep, prosedur dan prinsip yang dapat dipelajari, dianalisis dan diuji kebenarannya. Teori belajar adalah suatu teori yang di dalamnya terdapat tata cara pengaplikasian kegiatan belajar mengajar antara guru dan siswa, perancangan metode pembelajaran yang akan dilaksanakan di kelas maupun di luar kelas.
Teori mengajar merupakan landasan konseptual yang membimbing praktik pengajaran kepada peserta didik. Berbagai pendekatan, strategi, dan metode yang digunakan oleh pendidik untuk merancang dan memberikan materi pembelajaran kepada peserta didik dengan efektif dan efisien. Model pendekatan pembelajaran dapat dimulai dari pendekatan tradisional seperti pembelajaran langsung hingga pendekatan modern seperti pembelajaran berbasis project. Teori-teori mengajar memberikan kerangka kerja yang dapat membantu pendidik memahami bagaimana peserta didik dan bagaimana seorang pendidik dapat membantu peserta didiknya mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Dengan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip teori mengajar yang relev...
Problem solving is an integral part of everyday life yet few books are dedicated to this important aspect of human cognition. In each case, the problem, such as solving a crossword or writing an essay, has a goal. In this comprehensive and timely textbook, the author discusses the psychological processes underlying such goal-directed problem solving, and examines both how we learn from experience of problem solving and how our learning transfers (or often fails to transfer) from one situation to another. Following initial coverage of the methods we use to solve unfamiliar problems, the book goes on to examine the psychological processes involved in novice problem solving before progressing t...
This accessible text provides a lively introduction to the essential skills of creative problem solving. Using extensive case-studies and examples from a range of business situations, it explores various problem-solving theories and techniques, illustrating how these can be used to solve a range of management problems. Thoroughly revised and redesigned, this new edition retains the accessible and imaginative approach to problem-solving skills of the first edition. Contents include: * blocks to creativity and how to overcome them * key techniques including lateral thinking, morphological analysis and synectics * computer-assisted problem solving * increased coverage of group problem-solving techniques and paradigm shift. As creativity is increasingly recognized as a key skill for successful managers, this book will be welcomed as a comprehensive introduction for students and practising managers alike.
The PISA 2003 Assessment Framework presents the conceptual underpinning of the PISA 2003 assessments. Within each assessment area, the volume defines the content that students need to acquire, the processes that need to be performed and the contexts in which knowledge and skills are applied.
First Published in 1998. This book deals with what may well turn out to be the missing element in the study of individual differences - cognitive style. Its intention is to distinguish between, and integrate, the research attempts, particularly over the past half century, to make sense of style differences. In several respects this book is unique in that it contains material that is not covered in any other and draws together the various aspects of psychology relevant to the study of individual differences. It is in this sense both a textbook and a source of reference for many professionals working in a range of contexts. The content of the book has relevance for a wide audience.
Human Thinking: The Basics provides an essential introduction into how we develop thoughts, the types of reasoning we engage in, and how our thinking can be tailored by subconscious processing. Beginning with the fundamentals, the book examines the mental processes that shape our thoughts, the trajectory of how thought evolved within the animal kingdom and the stages of development of thinking throughout childhood. Robertson insightfully explains the effectiveness of political slogans and advertisements in engaging shallow information processing and the effortful, analytical processing required in critical thinking. Delving into fascinating topics such as magical thinking in the form of religion and superstition, fake news, and motivated ignorance, the book explains the discrepancy between reality and our internal mental representations, the influence of semantics on deductive reasoning and the error-prone, yet adaptive nature of biases. Containing student-friendly features including end of chapter summaries, demonstrative puzzles, simple figures, and further reading lists, this book will be essential reading for all students of thinking and reasoning.
Shamos argues that a meaningful scientific literacy cannot be achieved in the first place, and the attempt is a misuse of human resources on a grand scale. He is skeptical about forecasts of "critical shortfalls in scientific manpower" and about the motives behind crash programs to get more young people into the science pipeline.
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Socio-scientific issues (SSI) are open-ended, multifaceted social issues with conceptual links to science. They are challenging to negotiate and resolve, and they create ideal contexts for bridging school science and the lived experience of students. This book presents the latest findings from the innovative practice and systematic investigation of science education in the context of socio-scientific issues. Socio-scientific Issues in the Classroom: Teaching, Learning and Research focuses on how SSI can be productively incorporated into science classrooms and what SSI-based education can accomplish regarding student learning, practices and interest. It covers numerous topics that address key...