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This study comprises a review of oil palm development and management across landscapes in the tropics. Seven countries have been selected for detailed analysis using surveys of the current literature, mainly spanning the last fifteen years. Indonesia and Malaysia are the obvious leaders in terms of area planted and levels of production and export, but also in literature generated on social and environmental challenges. In Latin America, Colombia is the dominant producer with oil palm expanding in disparate landscapes with a strong focus on palm oil-based biodiesel; and small-scale growers and companies in Peru and Brazil offer contrasting ways of inserting oil palm into the Amazon. Nigeria and Cameroon represent African nations with traditional groves and old plantations in which foreign land grabs to establish new oil palm have recently occurred.
Large-scale farmland investments in sub-Saharan Africa have to date produced a striking uniformity of largely negative local socioeconomic and environmental outcomes, raising questions about their contribution to sustainable development. This study attributes these outcomes to eight interrelated factors, namely, (1) deficiencies in the law, (2) elite capture, (3) conflicts of interest, (4) capacity constraints, (5) high modernist ideologies, (6) limited contestation, (7) incompatibility of production systems, and (8) misalignment of corporate accountability. Considering the important role of poor implementation and enforcement in shaping outcomes, greater emphasis should be placed on institutional rather than legal reform in host countries. Institutional conditions relating to (1) mandate, (2) capacity, (3) incentives, and (4) accountability need to be fulfilled. Findings also highlight the importance of balanced cross-sectoral reform, risks associated with decentralization, and the need to exercise greater caution when adopting free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) principles. This Info Brief concludes with a number of concrete recommendations for policy makers.
Today, half the Netherlands is below sea level. Because of this, water-management is of key importance when it comes to maintaining present-day habitation of the Dutch low-lands. In prehistory, however, large parts of the Dutch landscape were highly dynamic due to ongoing fluvial sedimentation. Vast deltaic areas with ceaseless river activity formed the backdrop against which prehistoric occupation took place. Although such landscapes may seem inhospitable, the often excellently preserved archaeological evidence indicates that people lived in these lowlands throughout prehistory. This book describes why Bronze Age farmers were keen to settle here and how these prehistoric communities structu...
A magazine-sized cookbook from the inspirations and cravings of balsamicreductions.com. Full of healthy recipes and a few decadent treats, it's about getting excited to try something new and looking for everyday kinds of life-changing moments. Tons of full-page photos to make your mouth water.
These ten studies provide a view of the extent to which intellectual and literary life in Holland has been influenced by English ideas. The book concludes with an overview of Anglo-Dutch cultural transfer from the early seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century, concentrating on what, between Sir Thomas Browne's stay in Leiden in 1633 and L.A.J. Burgersdijk's complete translation of Shakespeare in the 1880s, was transmitted, what sea-changes: occurred during the voyage, and in how far these resulted in something rich and strange: . The emphasis in some of the essays is on intellectual, or scholarly, contacts -- with Holland mostly on the receiving end, but by no means exclusively so...
This collection of essays by an international team of New Testament scholars focuses on various kinds of christological claim, whether by the historical Jesus, in the Q tradition, John, Paul or the synoptics, and their connection with controversy and community.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on High-Performance Computing and Networking, HPCN Europe 1999, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands in April 1999. The 115 revised full papers presented were carefully selected from a total of close to 200 conference submissions as well as from submissions for various topical workshops. Also included are 40 selected poster presentations. The conference papers are organized in three tracks: end-user applications of HPCN, computational science, and computer science; additionally there are six sections corresponding to topical workshops.
This book presents an important discussion on land tenure rights for the effective implementation of sustainable soil management provisions. It investigates a variety of aspects, such as the clash of modern and traditional tenure concepts, forms of illegal or illegitimate land acquisition, and the preconditions for legal and legitimate investments. In addition, the book analyses the challenges to ensuring secure land tenure rights in Africa and in Germany. Lastly, it provides information on the role of women in this context. This fifth volume of the International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy is divided into four parts, the first of which deals with various aspects of the theme “Land Ten...
By a deep and careful analysis of the text, enabling a new printing history of Leviathan to be constructed, this edition demonstrates that the traditional picture is substantially wrong. Both the Bear and Ornaments editions contain corrections and changes by Hobbes himself and are therefore central to reconstructing his text. In their substantial Introduction the editors examine all previous editions of Leviathan (as well as the manuscript copy prepared for Hobbes as a presentation copy for the King), throwing light on its history and calling into question the assumptions of previous editors. They thus provide an entirely new picture of its production. Schuhmann and Rogers also make full use of the Latin edition of Leviathan, published in 1668 when Hobbes was 80 years old. Through these new perspectives they are able to offer the first complete critical edition to take proper account of the publishing history and of Hobbes's own wishes. The result is as definitive an edition of Leviathan as modern scholarship can provide.