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Ilmu an-naḥw merupakan salah satu disiplin ilmu–layaknya ilmu lain–yang pernah mengalami anomali karena berada pada puncak paradigma keilmuan sehingga–meminjam istilah Thomas Kuhn (w. 1996)–mengalami “krisis”. Indikasinya, naḥw yang dihasilkan adalah demi kepentingan bahasa itu sendiri yang terkadang jauh dari realitas bahasa yang digunakan masyarakat tutur Arab. Bahkan, dalam titik kulminasi, naḥw menjadi “momok” menakutkan bagi pembelajar bahasa Arab.3 Padahal tujuan awalnya adalah sebagai alat untuk mempermudah belajar bahasa Arab, khususnya Alquran. Ṡelain itu, disebabkan naḥw klasik, bahasa Arab menjadi kurang responsif terhadap perkembangan bahasa dan ilmu pengetahuan yang sangat dinamis baik ilmu bahasa itu sendiri maupun ilmu-ilmu lain. Buku ini akan menjawab pertanyaan: (1) Bagaimana epistemologi naḥw yang disusun Ṡyauqī Ḍaif (19102005) dan Tammām Ḥassān (1918-2011)? (2) Bagaimana kontribusi epistemologi keduanya dalam pendidikan bahasa Arab, khususnya konsep pengembangan sintaksis pedagogis bagi pembelajar Indonesia?
Although proficiency in vocabulary has long been recognized as basic to reading proficiency, there has been a paucity of research on vocabulary teaching and learning over the last two decades. Recognizing this, the U.S. Department of Education recently sponsored a Focus on Vocabulary conference that attracted the best-known and most active researchers in the vocabulary field. This book is the outgrowth of that conference. It presents scientific evidence from leading research programs that address persistent issues regarding the role of vocabulary in text comprehension. Part I examines how vocabulary is learned; Part II presents instructional interventions that enhance vocabulary; and Part II...
Inspired by the ideas of the Prague School, the theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP) is concerned with the distribution of information as determined by all meaningful elements, from intonation (for speech) to context. A central feature of FSP is communicative dynamism. Jan Firbas discusses the distribution of the degrees of communicative dynamism over sentence elements, which determines the orientation or perspective of the sentence. He examines also the relation of theme and rheme to, and implementation by, syntactic components. Special attention is paid to the relation between FSP and word order. The second part of the book deals with spoken communication and considers the place of intonation in the interplay of FSP factors, establishing the concept of prosodic prominence. It tackles the relationship between the distribution of degrees of communicative dynamism as determined by the interplay of the non-prosodic FSP factors and the distribution of degrees of prosodic prominence as brought about by intonation.
Heritage practices often lead to social exclusion, as such practices can favor certain values over others. In some cases, exclusion from a society’s symbolic landscape can spark controversy, or rouse emotion so much so that they result in cultural contestation. Examples of this abound, but few studies explicitly analyze the role of government in these instances. In this volume, scholars from a variety of academic backgrounds examine the various and often conflicting roles governments play in these processes—and governments do play a role. They act as authors and authorizers of the symbolic landscape, from which societal groups may feel excluded. Yet, they also often attempt to bring parties together and play a mitigating role.
This guide to English usage describes the word order, puncuation, rhetorical effect and special meanings of each grammatical structure. Emphasizing both formal and informal written English, it features a number of examples in natural language.
In the study of word formation, the focus has often been on generating the form. In this book, the semantic aspect of the formation of new words is central. It is viewed from the perspectives of word formation rules and of lexicalization. An extensive introduction gives a historical overview of the study of the semantics of word formation and lexicalization, explaining how the different theoretical frameworks used in the contributions relate to each other. Each chapter then concentrates on a specific question about a theoretical concept or a word formation process in a particular language and adopts a theoretical framework that is appropriate to the study of this question. From general theoretical concepts of productivity and lexicalization, the focus moves to terminology, compounding, and derivation. Theoretical frameworks discussed include Jackendoff's Conceptual Structure, Langacker's Cognitive Grammar, Lieber's lexical semantic approach to word formation, Pustejovsky's Generative Lexicon, Beard's Lexeme-Morpheme-Base Morphology, The onomasiological approach to terminology and word formation.
This book focuses on the emergence of creative ideas from cognitive and social dynamics. In particular, it presents data, models, and analytical methods grounded in a network dynamics approach. It has long been hypothesized that innovation arises from a recombination of older ideas and concepts, but this has been studied primarily at an abstract level. In this book, we consider the networks underlying innovation – from the brain networks supporting semantic cognition to human networks such as brainstorming groups or individuals interacting through social networks – and relate the emergence of ideas to the structure and dynamics of these networks. Methods described include experimental studies with human participants, mathematical evaluation of novelty from group brainstorming experiments, neurodynamical modeling of conceptual combination, and multi-agent modeling of collective creativity. The main distinctive features of this book are the breadth of perspectives considered, the integration of experiments with theory, and a focus on the combinatorial emergence of ideas.
A practical guide on how to select, organise and teach vocabulary to students of all levels.
This book investigates and analyzes the way in which factors such as communication apprehension, self-perceived communicative competence and group dynamics influence the communicative behavior of a foreign-language learner. It also focuses on interpersonal communication, group communication and public speaking. Using selected models it characterizes and analyzes all types of communication with reference to communication in the language classroom, with a particular emphasis on the foreign-language context. The author also presents some conclusions and implications for both language teachers and language learners, as well as offering suggestions for further research in the field of classroom communication. The results of the study serve as a point of reference for teachers interested in the construct of willingness to communicate and other communication variables related to the issue of communication in a foreign language. The work also raises teachers' awareness of individual learner differences in the context of communication in the foreign-language classroom.